Interpolate strings with SQL escaping

SQL databases often have custom quotation syntax for identifiers and strings which make writing SQL queries error prone and cumbersome to do. glue_sql() and glue_data_sql() are analogs to glue() and glue_data() which handle the SQL quoting.

glue_sql(..., .con, .envir = parent.frame(), .na = DBI::SQL("NULL"))

glue_data_sql(.x, ..., .con, .envir = parent.frame(),
  .na = DBI::SQL("NULL"))

Arguments

...	[expressions] Expressions string(s) to format, multiple inputs are concatenated together before formatting.
.con	[DBIConnection]:A DBI connection object obtained from DBI::dbConnect().
.envir	[environment: parent.frame()] Environment to evaluate each expression in. Expressions are evaluated from left to right. If .x is an environment, the expressions are evaluated in that environment and .envir is ignored.
.na	[character(1): ‘NA’] Value to replace NA values with. If NULL missing values are propagated, that is an NA result will cause NA output. Otherwise the value is replaced by the value of .na.
.x	[listish] An environment, list or data frame used to lookup values.

Value

A DBI::SQL() object with the given query.

Details

They automatically quote character results, quote identifiers if the glue expression is surrounded by backticks ‘ and do not quote non-characters such as numbers. If numeric data is stored in a character column (which should be quoted) pass the data to ’glue_sql()` as a character.

Returning the result with DBI::SQL() will suppress quoting if desired for a given value.

Note parameterized queries are generally the safest and most efficient way to pass user defined values in a query, however not every database driver supports them.

If you place a * at the end of a glue expression the values will be collapsed with commas. This is useful for the SQL IN Operator for instance.

Examples

con <- DBI::dbConnect(RSQLite::SQLite(), ":memory:")
colnames(iris) <- gsub("[.]", "_", tolower(colnames(iris)))
DBI::dbWriteTable(con, "iris", iris)
var <- "sepal_width"
tbl <- "iris"
num <- 2
val <- "setosa"
glue_sql("
  SELECT {`var`}
  FROM {`tbl`}
  WHERE {`tbl`}.sepal_length > {num}
    AND {`tbl`}.species = {val}
  ", .con = con)
#> <SQL> SELECT `sepal_width`
#> FROM `iris`
#> WHERE `iris`.sepal_length > 2
#>   AND `iris`.species = 'setosa'

# If sepal_length is store on the database as a character explicitly convert
# the data to character to quote appropriately.
glue_sql("
  SELECT {`var`}
  FROM {`tbl`}
  WHERE {`tbl`}.sepal_length > {as.character(num)}
    AND {`tbl`}.species = {val}
  ", .con = con)
#> <SQL> SELECT `sepal_width`
#> FROM `iris`
#> WHERE `iris`.sepal_length > '2'
#>   AND `iris`.species = 'setosa'


# `glue_sql()` can be used in conjuction with parameterized queries using
# `DBI::dbBind()` to provide protection for SQL Injection attacks
 sql <- glue_sql("
    SELECT {`var`}
    FROM {`tbl`}
    WHERE {`tbl`}.sepal_length > ?
  ", .con = con)
query <- DBI::dbSendQuery(con, sql)
DBI::dbBind(query, list(num))
DBI::dbFetch(query, n = 4)
#>   sepal_width
#> 1         3.5
#> 2         3.0
#> 3         3.2
#> 4         3.1
DBI::dbClearResult(query)

# `glue_sql()` can be used to build up more complex queries with
# interchangeable sub queries. It returns `DBI::SQL()` objects which are
# properly protected from quoting.
sub_query <- glue_sql("
  SELECT *
  FROM {`tbl`}
  ", .con = con)

glue_sql("
  SELECT s.{`var`}
  FROM ({sub_query}) AS s
  ", .con = con)
#> <SQL> SELECT s.`sepal_width`
#> FROM (SELECT *
#> FROM `iris`) AS s

# If you want to input multiple values for use in SQL IN statements put `*`
# at the end of the value and the values will be collapsed and quoted appropriately.
glue_sql("SELECT * FROM {`tbl`} WHERE sepal_length IN ({vals*})",
  vals = 1, .con = con)
#> <SQL> SELECT * FROM `iris` WHERE sepal_length IN (1)

glue_sql("SELECT * FROM {`tbl`} WHERE sepal_length IN ({vals*})",
  vals = 1:5, .con = con)
#> <SQL> SELECT * FROM `iris` WHERE sepal_length IN (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

glue_sql("SELECT * FROM {`tbl`} WHERE species IN ({vals*})",
  vals = "setosa", .con = con)
#> <SQL> SELECT * FROM `iris` WHERE species IN ('setosa')

glue_sql("SELECT * FROM {`tbl`} WHERE species IN ({vals*})",
  vals = c("setosa", "versicolor"), .con = con)
#> <SQL> SELECT * FROM `iris` WHERE species IN ('setosa', 'versicolor')

# If you need to reference a table in a different schema use `DBI::Id()` to
# construct the identifiers.
cols <- c("Sepal.Width", "Sepal.Length", "Species")
col_ids <- lapply(cols, function(x) DBI::Id(table="iris", column = x))
values <- c(1, 2, 'Setosa')
glue_sql("INSERT ({values*}) INTO ({`col_ids`*})", .con=con)
#> <SQL> INSERT ('1', '2', 'Setosa') INTO (`iris`.`Sepal.Width`, `iris`.`Sepal.Length`, `iris`.`Species`)